Tarjih : Agribusiness Development Journal

Is Chayote Farming Profitable? A Financial Performance Analysis in Fakfak Regency

Arga Ramadhana — 2026-06-19

Chayote is one of the main sources of income for the majority of households in Kampung Mananmur, Kayauni District, Fakfak Regency. The village’s location, approximately one hour from the center of Fakfak City, poses a challenge for farmers, particularly those lacking personal transportation, in marketing their harvests. This study aims to analyze the production costs, revenue, and the economic feasibility of chayote farming using the Revenue–Cost (R/C) Ratio in Kayauni District, Fakfak Regency. The research employed a quantitative descriptive approach with a census (saturated sampling) technique, where all farmers in the population were included as respondents. A total of 33 farmers residing in Kampung Mananmur participated. Data were collected through structured questionnaires distributed uniformly to all respondents. The results indicate that the average annual revenue of chayote farming is IDR 22,267,002, while the average annual production cost is IDR 8,277,998. The economic feasibility analysis shows an R/C Ratio of 3.68, suggesting that chayote farming in Kayauni District is profitable and feasible for further development, as the ratio exceeds one.

Contribution of Fishermen’s Wives (Patorani) Income to Household Income Bontomarannu Village, Galesong Selatan District, Takalar Regency

Eni Jumrieni — 2026-06-24

This study analyzes the economic role and income contribution of fishermen’s wives (patorani) to total household income in Bontomarannu Village, Galesong Selatan District, Takalar Regency. A survey method with purposive sampling was employed, involving 15 respondents. Primary data were collected through interviews and field observations, while secondary data were obtained from statistical reports and relevant literature. Data were analyzed using descriptive quantitative and qualitative approaches. The results show that fishermen’s wives perform dual roles by managing domestic responsibilities while participating in productive activities such as fish processing, small-scale trading, and agricultural labor. The average monthly income earned by fishermen’s wives was IDR 1,239,780, while the average total household income reached IDR 4,012,266. The wives’ income contribution was 30.89%, which is categorized as low (<35%). Despite the relatively modest percentage, women’s economic participation plays a strategic role in stabilizing household income and reducing vulnerability to seasonal fluctuations in coastal communities.

Development of the Energy Equity Epic Beef Cattle Fattening Business (Sengkang), Gilireng Subdistrict, Wajo Regency, South Sulawesi

Irma — 2026-06-24

This study aims to formulate development strategies for the beef cattle fattening business at Energy Equity Epic (Sengkang), Gilireng District, Wajo Regency, South Sulawesi, using the SWOT analysis approach. Despite having strong potential, the business still faces internal challenges such as low farmer knowledge and limited public interest, as well as external threats like market competition and minimal government intervention. The analysis results indicate that SO, WO, ST, and WT strategies can be applied to optimize strengths, seize opportunities, minimize weaknesses, and address threats. WO and WT strategies focus on improving human resource capacity and public awareness, while SO and ST strategies emphasize the use of CSR funding, collaboration with academics, and strengthening market competitiveness. With the proper implementation of these strategies, the cattle fattening business is expected to improve productivity, expand its market, and contribute to national food security.

Production and Income Risk Analysis of Clove Farming in Luwu Regency

Muh. Al Aswar Rusman — 2026-06-25

Clove farming is a strategic plantation commodity contributing significantly to farmers’ income and regional economic development in Indonesia. However, this sector is characterized by high uncertainty due to climate variability, pest and disease attacks, and input limitations, which lead to production and income risks. This study aims to analyze production, income, and production risk, as well as to identify the factors affecting production risk in clove farming. The research was conducted in Luwu Regency using a survey method with purposive sampling involving 40 farmers. Data were analyzed using farm income analysis, coefficient of variation (CV) to measure production risk, and multiple linear regression to determine influencing factors. The results show that average production is 720 kg/ha/year, indicating moderate productivity, with net income reaching IDR 40,290,000/ha/year. The CV value of 0.29 reflects a moderate level of production risk, implying considerable variability in output that may affect income stability. Regression analysis reveals that land area, farming experience, labor, and fertilizer use have a negative and significant effect on production risk. These findings suggest that improving farm scale, farmer capacity, and input management is essential to enhance productivity and reduce production risk in clove farming systems.

Analysis of the Influence of Paddy Prices and Rice Production on the Farmers’ Terms of Trade of Food Crops in West Sumatra

Muhammad Farrel Syabena — 2026-06-18

The agricultural sector plays a strategic role in improving farmers’ welfare, particularly in the food crops subsector where rice remains Indonesia’s main staple. The Farmers’ Terms of Trade is widely used as an indicator to measure farmers’ welfare by reflecting their purchasing power. This study aims to analyze the effect of paddy prices and rice production on the Farmers’ Terms of Trade in the food crops subsector in West Sumatra Province. This research uses secondary time series data from 2015 to 2024 obtained from official statistical sources. The analysis applies a multiple linear regression model supported by classical assumption tests to ensure the validity of the results. The findings indicate that paddy prices and rice production simultaneously have a significant effect on Farmers’ Terms of Trade. Partially, paddy prices have a positive and significant effect, indicating that increases in paddy prices directly improve farmers’ welfare. In contrast, rice production has a positive but not significant effect on Farmers’ Terms of Trade, suggesting that higher production does not necessarily improve farmers’ welfare due to production instability, declining harvested areas, and increasing production costs. The model explains 61.4% of the variation in Farmers’ Terms of Trade. These results imply that improving farmers’ welfare requires not only increasing production but also ensuring price stability and enhancing production efficiency. Therefore, policies should focus on stabilizing paddy prices and promoting sustainable agricultural practices.

Exploration of the Utilization of Sweet Potato Leaf Meal as a Phytobiotic Feed Additive in the Development of Beef Cattle Green Farms in Bone Regency

Astati — 2026-06-18

The development of sustainable beef cattle farming through the utilization of eco-friendly local resources is crucial to supporting the transformation of the green farm system in Indonesia. One potential innovation is the use of natural phytobiotic-based feed ingredients to enhance livestock health and productivity. This research aims to explore the potential utilization of sweet potato leaf meal as a phytobiotic feed additive in beef cattle farming within Bone Regency, South Sulawesi Province. The research method employed is a qualitative field study approach conducted through in-depth interviews, direct observation, and documentation. The research informants include beef cattle farmers, agricultural extension workers, and academics selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data analysis was carried out through the stages of data reduction, data display, and thematic conclusion drawing. The results of the study indicate that sweet potato leaves contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and antioxidants, which have the potential to improve livestock health, enhance the digestive system, and increase the efficiency of feed nutrient utilization. The utilization of sweet potato leaf meal is also considered capable of reducing dependence on synthetic antibiotics and commercial feed, lowering production costs, and optimizing the use of agricultural waste. However, implementation at the farmer level still faces obstacles in the form of limited knowledge, simple processing technology, and the lack of standardization for phytobiotic feed formulations. This study concludes that sweet potato leaf meal has great prospects as a phytobiotic innovation in supporting the sustainability of green farms in Bone Regency.

Overview Of Housewife's Income In Pig Fattening Businesses In Makale District Tana Toraja District

Nurlaela — 2026-06-19

This research analyzes the pig fattening business in Makale District, Tana Toraja Regency. The background to this research is the critical role of pig-fattening companies as a source of income for local communities. This research identifies factors such as breeder characteristics, maintenance systems, capital analysis, and revenue as indicators of business success. The method used is direct observation and interviews with breeders who, in this case, have the status of homemakers and were selected at simple random. The data collected consists of primary data, including the respondents' identity and business management, and secondary data from related agencies. Descriptive analysis describes business maintenance management, while income analysis is carried out by calculating total costs and revenues. The research results show that most breeders have quite a long experience, with relatively large production amounts on a household scale. Overall, this fattening business shows a net income of IDR. 237,233,000.00 or IDR. 1,040,495.00/head. In conclusion, the pig fattening business in Makale District, Tana Toraja Regency, has excellent and profitable prospects for farmers, mainly if managed efficiently and sustainably.

Determinants of Climate Smart Agricultural (CSA) Technology Adoption in Purbalingga Regency, Central Java

Kunandar Prasetyo — 2026-06-21

Climate change poses a growing threat to the sustainability of agricultural systems and food security across numerous countries. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) has emerged as a strategic instrument for simultaneously increasing agricultural productivity, strengthening adaptive capacity, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector. In Indonesia, CSA implementation has been operationalized through the Strategic Irrigation Modernization and Urgent Rehabilitation Project (SIMURP) since 2021. Despite this, the level of CSA technology adoption among farmers remains uneven and suboptimal. This study aims to analyze the determinants of simultaneous adoption of six CSA practices namely improved seed varieties, Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) irrigation, balanced fertilization, organic matter application, organic fertilizer use, and integrated pest management (IPM). This study was carried out in Bukateja and Kemangkon Districts, Purbalingga Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. A total of 88 respondent farmers were selected as the study sample through simple random sampling. Data were analyzed using the Multivariate Probit (MVP) model, which accommodates correlations across simultaneous adoption decisions of multiple CSA practices within a single estimation framework. The results indicate that CSA adoption decisions are significantly influenced by education, farming experience, land area, land tenure status, farmer group membership, access to credit, and farm income, with varying degrees of influence observed across individual CSA practices. Farm income uniquely predicted adoption of all six CSA technologies simultaneously, establishing financial capacity as the most critical and universal driver of CSA adoption.

Logistical Bottlenecks and Captured Value Chains: A Process Flow Analysis Of Small-Scale Salt Farmers In Jeneponto, Indonesia

Sitti Khadijah Yahya Hiola — 2026-06-25

Jeneponto Regency is a salt-producing area in South Sulawesi with great potential for small-scale salt production growth. This study aims to trace the flow of small-scale salt products and reveal logistical barriers and relationships between actors in the supply chain. A qualitative approach was used through semi-structured interviews with 38 salt farmers, 3 traders, and 2 distributors. The results of the study show that the flow of small-scale salt from upstream to downstream is hampered by a long, fragmented, and unintegrated supply chain, which slows down distribution. The contribution of this study to critical logistics points is evident in the limited storage facilities and various logistical constraints that prevent the optimal implementation of post-harvest salt procedures, resulting in low-quality salt. The market structure also shows a pattern of a controlled value chain, where farmers are highly dependent on a single dominant actor, namely the collector trader, who controls the community's salt supply chain, forming a captured value chain pattern. This research provides scientific contributions through efforts to develop community salt logistics capable of improving salt quality, while also providing policy recommendations for the government through the strengthening of farmer institutions to reduce dependence on collectors and increase bargaining power in the value chain.

Socio-Economic Characteristics, Income, and Feasibility Analysis of Cabbage Farming in Sudajaya Girang Village, Selabintana District, Sukabumi Regency

Nurul Annisa Syam — 2026-06-25

This study analyzes the socio-economic characteristics of cabbage farmer households in Sudajaya Girang Village, Selabintana District, Sukabumi Regency. A quantitative descriptive approach was employed using purposive sampling to select 30 cabbage farmers as respondents. The study utilized both primary and secondary data. Descriptive analysis was conducted to examine farmers’ socio-economic characteristics, while farm performance was assessed through cost, revenue, income, and Income Cost Ratio (R/C Ratio) analyses. The results indicate that most farmers (53.33%) were of productive age, while the majority had a low level of formal education, with 56.67% completing only elementary school. Farmers generally possessed considerable farming experience and had a moderate number of family dependents. The average landholding size was 0.18 hectares, and most respondents (63.33%) cultivated their own land. These characteristics reflect the dominance of small-scale family farming in the study area. Economically, cabbage farming generated an average net income of IDR 12,564,017 per planting season, equivalent to IDR 66,533,996 per hectare. The calculated R/C ratio of 4.95 demonstrates that cabbage farming is highly profitable and financially feasible. This means that every IDR 1.00 spent on production costs generated IDR 4.95 in revenue. Income from cabbage cultivation also contributed substantially to overall household earnings. The findings suggest that socio-economic characteristics, land ownership, and farm resources play important roles in determining farm performance and household welfare. Therefore, policies that improve farmers’ access to production inputs, strengthen agricultural extension services, and enhance farm management skills are essential to maintain profitability and improve the economic resilience of cabbage farming households.

Factors That Influence the Level of Farmers' Knowledge of Patchouli Cultivation Techniques in West Malangke District

Mutmainna Nurul Damri — 2026-06-27

Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) is a strategic essential oil commodity in South Sulawesi, particularly in West Malangke District, North Luwu Regency. Despite its economic potential, many farmers still rely on traditional cultivation methods without adequate technical guidance. This study aimed to analyze the level of farmers' knowledge of patchouli cultivation techniques and to identify the factors influencing it. A quantitative survey approach was employed with 175 respondents selected through simple random sampling from a population of 1,268 patchouli farmers. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using Variance-Based Structural Equation Modeling (VB-SEM). Results showed that the overall level of farmers' knowledge was high (mean score = 79.48), covering technical cultivation (75.00), farm management (93.36), and post-harvest handling (70.09). Internal factors — comprising age, education level, farming experience, and training — had a significant positive effect on farmers' knowledge (T-statistic = 4.238, p = 0.000). Agricultural extension also significantly influenced farmers' knowledge (T-statistic = 2.890, p = 0.004), although extension visit frequency and duration remained low. External factors (information access, production input access, and social conditions) showed no significant direct effect (p = 0.347). The three variables collectively explained 13.7% of knowledge variability. These findings highlight the need for structured technical training programs, commodity-specific extension intensification focusing on patchouli, and prioritized improvement of post-harvest knowledge to enhance product quality and farmers' economic value.

Livelihood Diversification and Household Resilience among Seaweed Farmers in South Sulawesi: Evidence from the Kuda Laut Farmer Group, Bulukumba

Hidayat Nur Ababil Hidayat — 2026-06-27

This study aims to identify the forms of livelihood strategies and household livelihood patterns of the Kuda Laut Farmer Group in Sapolohe Village, Bontobahari District, Bulukumba Regency. The study employed a qualitative approach with a snowball sampling technique involving 10 members of the farmer group as informants. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation, and were analyzed through data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The results show that seaweed-farming households apply multiple livelihood strategies consisting of on-farm, off-farm, and non-farm strategies. The on-farm strategy is carried out through seaweed cultivation as the main source of income and capture fishing as an additional occupation. The off-farm strategy includes collecting seaweed and providing transportation services for fishery products, while the non-farm strategy includes construction labor, grocery stalls, phone-credit kiosks, and BRI link services. The sustainability of these strategies is supported by livelihood assets consisting of natural, human, physical, social, and financial capital. Social capital in the form of mutual cooperation and human capital in the form of family labor are the most prominent supporting factors. Household livelihood patterns tend to take the form of multiple livelihoods strengthened by job diversification, the use of family labor, and the migration of family members. This study recommends strengthening group legality, access to capital, and post-harvest training to increase the added value of seaweed.

Determinants of Farm Income in Integrated Rice–Beef Cattle Farming Systems in Kahu District, Bone Regency

Ahmad Zailan — 2026-06-27

Integrated rice–beef cattle farming systems are promoted as a sustainable agricultural strategy to improve resource-use efficiency and enhance farmers’ income through the integration of crop and livestock enterprises. However, empirical evidence regarding the determinants of farm income in integrated farming systems remains limited at the local level. This study aimed to analyze the effects of land area, production costs, and labor on farm income in integrated rice–beef cattle farming systems in Kahu District, Bone Regency. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to April 2025 involving 68 integrated farmers selected through simple random sampling. Data were analyzed using a log-linear multiple regression model estimated by Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). The results showed that land area had a positive and significant effect on farm income (β = 0.614; p < 0.001), while production costs (β = 0.115; p = 0.550) and labor (β = 0.048; p = 0.800) had positive but statistically insignificant effects. Simultaneously, all explanatory variables significantly affected farm income (F = 28.686; p < 0.001), with the model explaining 57.3% of the variation in farm income (R² = 0.573). These findings indicate that farm scale remains the dominant determinant of income in integrated farming systems. Policies supporting land optimization, integrated farming management, and resource-use efficiency are needed to strengthen the sustainability of smallholder farmers’ income.

Transformation of Agricultural Extension Communication in the Artificial Intelligence Era: A Systematic Literature Review

Rachmat — 2026-06-27

The digital transformation of agriculture has reshaped how extension information is produced, delivered, and used by farmers. This study synthesizes research on agricultural extension communication in the artificial intelligence (AI) era, identifies major communication changes, and examines the benefits, challenges, and social implications of AI-based advisory services. A systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA 2020 framework. Articles published from 2019 to 2025 were searched in Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Taylor & Francis, and Google Scholar. After identification, duplicate removal, screening, eligibility assessment, and quality appraisal, 15 studies that directly met the inclusion criteria were analyzed through content analysis and thematic synthesis. The findings show that AI shifts extension communication from a conventional, linear, and top-down model toward a data-driven, interactive, personalized, and participatory advisory system. Machine learning, decision support systems, predictive analytics, agricultural chatbots, virtual assistants, and smart farming platforms improve information delivery, advisory personalization, and farmer decision-making. However, implementation is constrained by rural digital divides, limited technological literacy, data quality and bias, algorithmic opacity, inadequate infrastructure, and the risk of weakening farmer-extension worker relationships. The study proposes a Human-Centered AI Extension Communication Model that positions AI as an augmenting tool for participatory extension rather than as a substitute for the social, cultural, and facilitative roles of agricultural extension workers.

Youth Perspectives on Technological Modernization for Sustainable Beef Cattle Agribusiness Regeneration in Mamasa, Indonesia

Muhammad Nur Rustan — 2026-06-27

The aging livestock farmer phenomenon and low youth participation threaten the sustainability of smallholder beef cattle agribusiness. This study aims to analyze the effect of technological modernization on the regeneration interest of young livestock farmers in Mamasa Regency. An explanatory quantitative approach was employed, involving 73 youth respondents from farming families selected via purposive sampling. Primary data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed with Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS). The results demonstrated that perceived operational ease through mechanization, expectation of financial gain via digital marketing, and social image improvement from modern infrastructure partially and simultaneously have a positive and significant impact on youth regeneration interest. The expectation of financial gain proved to be the most dominant pull factor. In conclusion, technological modernization serves as a robust catalyst to dismantle the stigma of manual labor and foster agribusiness succession. Therefore, it is recommended that the government transitions from providing partial agricultural assistance to developing an integrated innovation ecosystem, while rural youth are encouraged to establish millennial farmer institutions to strengthen market bargaining power.

Rice Farming Productivity Amid Seasonal Changes: A Case Study of Kaloling Village, Sinjai

Megawati — 2026-06-27

Seasonal variability has become a major constraint for rice farming in rainfed and simple-irrigated areas. This study aimed to analyze the effect of seasonal changes on rice farming productivity in Kaloling Village, East Sinjai District, Sinjai Regency. Seasonal change was measured using three indicators: planting time shift, water availability condition, and increasing pest attack, while productivity was measured through land, labor, capital, technology adoption, and planting intensity indicators. The study employed a quantitative descriptive-associative approach. The population consisted of 411 members of 12 farmer groups, and 41 respondents were selected using proportionate sampling. Data were collected through observation, questionnaires, interviews, and documentation, and analyzed using multiple linear regression. The results showed that planting time shift had a negative and significant effect on rice farming productivity (t = -7.723; p < 0.001), water availability condition had a positive and significant effect and became the dominant factor (t = 8.086; p < 0.001), and increasing pest attack had a negative and significant effect (t = -2.203; p = 0.034). Simultaneously, the three variables significantly affected rice farming productivity (F = 23.444; p < 0.001), with an R-square value of 0.655. These findings indicate that adaptive strategies should prioritize water management, synchronized planting calendars, and integrated pest control to sustain rice productivity under seasonal uncertainty.

The Effect of Agricultural Extension on The Level of Knowledge Among Rice Farmers In Kaloling Village, East Sinjai Subdistrict, Sinjai Regency

Ahfandi Ahmad — 2026-06-27

This study aims to analyze the effects of extension intensity, extension materials, extension methods, and extension workers’ competencies on the knowledge levels of rice farmers. The study employed a quantitative approach using descriptive and associative (causal) research methods. Data were collected through a questionnaire distributed to 41 farmers selected using proportionate sampling, and then analyzed using multiple linear regression with the aid of SPSS version 26. The results of the study indicate that, individually, extension content (Sig. = 0.002) and extension methods (Sig. = 0.000) have a positive and significant effect on farmers’ knowledge levels, whereas extension intensity (Sig. = 0.109) and extension workers’ competence (Sig. = 0.266) do not have a significant effect. Simultaneously, all four variables had a significant effect on farmers’ knowledge levels, with an F-calculated value of 142.947 and a significance level of 0.000. The coefficient of determination (R²) value of 0.941 indicates that 94.1% of the variation in farmers’ knowledge levels can be explained by the research model, while 5.9% is influenced by other factors outside the model. The results of this study indicate that the quality of materials and the application of appropriate extension methods are key factors in improving rice farmers’ knowledge; therefore, these aspects require attention in the implementation of agricultural extension programs.